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These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The transistor has aptly been called the “nerve cell” of the Information Age. These solid-state electronic devices are what have put computers in our laps and on desktops and permitted them to communicate with each other over telephone networks around the globe. Emerging in 1947 from a Bell Telephone Laboratories program of basic research on the physics of solids, it began to replace vacuum tubes in the 1950s and eventually spawned the integrated circuit and microprocessor-the heart of a semiconductor industry now generating annual sales of more than $150 billion. Arguably the most important invention of the past century, the transistor is often cited as the exemplar of how scientific research can lead to useful commercial products.